Evaluation of microalgae contamination and water quality standards in different drinking water sources from Kabayi community, Mararaba Nasarawa State

Abstract

Access to safe drinking water remains a pressing public health challenge in many developing regions. This study assessed the physicochemical quality and microalgal contamination of drinking water sources in Kabayi Community, Mararaba, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from wells, boreholes, and sachet water and analyzed using standard physicochemical procedures. Parameters measured included pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity, hardness, and nutrient concentrations (nitrate and phosphate). Statistically analysis was conducted using ANOVA in R. Microalgae were morphologically identified and characterized microscopically to determine species composition and abundance. Our results revealed notable variations in physicochemical parameters among the different water sources. Well water from the Power Bakery area exhibited the highest conductivity (88.7 μS/cm), total dissolved solids (TDS) 191.2 ± 5.23 ppm, and nitrate concentration (5.5 mg/L) compared to borehole and sachet water samples. Nevertheless, all measured parameters remained within the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Several algal genera, including Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, Scenedesmus, Euglena, and Microcystis, were detected in well water, while Oscillatoria and Chlamydomonas were observed in borehole water samples suggesting possible contamination from surface runoff and inadequate sanitation. In contrast, sachet water samples showed no algal presence and largely complied with WHO drinking water standards. Our study highlights potential health risks associated with untreated groundwater sources and emphasizes the need for regular monitoring and effective water management strategies. These findings provide essential baseline data to guide policymakers and local authorities in developing sustainable interventions for ensuring potable water access in Kabayi community.